System and method for data storage, transfer, synchronization, and security

ABSTRACT

A system for storing and transmitting data in a highly compact format comprising reference codes to data chunklets contained in a library, wherein the data are retrieved after transmission or storage by re-constructing the data from the chunklets in the library using the reference codes. One version of the system contains proprietary libraries which act as a form of data security. Another version of the system contains a standardized version of the library encoded onto the firmware of a broad range of computing devices, allowing optimized storage and transmission of data between two such devices equipped with the system.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

Application No. Date Filed Title Current Herewith SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR DATA application STORAGE, TRANSFER, SYNCHRONIZATION, AND SECURITY is a continuation of: 15/975,741 May 9, 2018 SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR DATA STORAGE, TRANSFER, SYNCHRONIZATION, ANDY SECURIT which claims benefit of, and priority to: 62/578,824 Oct. 30, 2017 MASSIVE DATA STORAGE, TRANSFER, SYNCHRONIZATION, AND SECURITY SYSTEM

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

The present invention is in the field of computer data storage and transmission.

Discussion of the State of the Art

As computers become an ever-greater part of our lives, and especially in the past few years, data storage has become a limiting factor worldwide. Prior to about 2010, the growth of data storage far exceeded the growth in storage demand. In fact, it was commonly considered at that time that storage was not an issue, and perhaps never would be, again. In 2010, however, with the growth of social media, cloud data centers, high tech and biotech industries, global digital data storage accelerated exponentially, and demand hit the zettabyte (1 trillion gigabytes) level. Current estimates are that data storage demand will reach 50 zettabytes by 2020. By contrast, digital storage device manufacturers produced roughly 1 zettabyte of physical storage capacity globally in 2016. We are producing data at a much faster rate than we are producing the capacity to store it. In short, we are running out of room to store data, and need a breakthrough in data storage technology to keep up with demand.

The primary solutions available at the moment are the addition of additional physical storage capacity and data compression. As noted above, the addition of physical storage will not solve the problem, as storage demand has already outstripped global manufacturing capacity. Data compression is also not a solution. A rough average compression ratio for mixed data types is 2:1, representing a doubling of storage capacity. However, as the mix of global data storage trends toward multi-media data (audio, video, and images), the space savings yielded by compression either decreases substantially, as is the case with lossless compression which allows for retention of all original data in the set, or results in degradation of data, as is the case with lossy compression which selectively discards data in order to increase compression. Even assuming a doubling of storage capacity, data compression cannot solve the global data storage problem. The method disclosed herein, on the other hand, works the same way with any type of data.

Transmission bandwidth is also increasingly becoming a bottleneck. Large data sets require tremendous bandwidth, and we are transmitting more and more data every year between large data centers. On the small end of the scale, we are adding billions of low bandwidth devices to the global network, and data transmission limitations impose constraints on the development of networked computing applications, such as the “Internet of Things”. The method disclosed herein solves the bandwidth problem at every scale from the smallest to the largest.

As noted above, there are two recent patent applications that are relevant to the present application. The first of these, Publication No. 2014/0223118, describes a similar algorithm to one aspect of the present invention, but is more limited in scope. The second of these, Publication No. 2016/0171029, converts only some data to a reference code form and stores the remainder in a traditional manner. Neither anticipates a solution to the global shortage of storage space, nor to the rapidly growing saturation of available bandwidth for data transmission.

Furthermore, as quantum computing becomes more and more imminent, the security of data, both stored data and data streaming from one point to another via networks, becomes a critical concern as existing encryption technologies are placed at risk.

What is needed is a fundamentally new approach to data storage and transmission, that allows for dramatically more storage versus existing methods on the same physical storage device, and that supports very high security implementations.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The inventor has developed a variety of algorithms for data storage that relies less on physical storage capacity and more on computational power. Unlike compression algorithms, which store the data in place, and transfer it, in compressed form, the present algorithm uses a library of universal chunklets that are used to re-build data sets from reference codes; instead of storing (or transmitting) complete chunklets. Only two key factors are required to capture the data: an index to a corresponding chunklet in a data library (called chunklet library), and a pointer to the order of appearance of that chunklet. These two factors together make a pair that will be transmitted, instead of the actual data; this pair is called a warplet. The present algorithm has the potential to reduce the space required for storage exponentially. As more data goes into the system, the chunklet library gets built up, initially with a fast growth rate, and gradually plateauing into a steady and universal library of chunklets. Eventually, once the complete library is built, all data can be represented in reference code form. The algorithm represents a step-change in thinking about digital storage. Using this algorithm, the space required to store digital data could be reduced by several (>2) orders of magnitude over conventional data storage methods. Similar gains in bandwidth usage will be obtained, according to the invention. The invention also provides a data security measure, since only the meta-data (warplets) is transmitted as opposed to the original data. Additionally, since in some implementations private chunklet libraries may be used, enhanced security is provided both for data storage and for data transmission, as only parties having access to the private library would be able to interpret any data streams.

In essence, the data is encoded into a library containing a series of universal data building blocks (chunklets). These blocks are stored once, and each block is assigned a reference code. Whenever data is retrieved from storage, it is rebuilt from the blocks using a string of reference codes. Thus, massive volumes of data are reduced to, and stored as, strings of small reference codes to much larger building blocks in a library, to be rebuilt when necessary. This approach is, in a sense, the computer equivalent of DNA sequencing, in which the genomes of all living organisms are stored in DNA as a series of codes (which tell the body what to construct). In fact, as will be disclosed, a similar algorithm to current DNA sequencing algorithms can be used.

According to a preferred embodiment, storage of data would be the primary consideration. The library of chunklets would be stored on a centralized server. A library of data would be created from incoming data, consisting of blocks of a fixed size, and each unique block pattern would be stored and given a unique reference code of a much smaller size. As new data is input into the system, incoming data would be compared with the existing block library. If a match exists in the library, that data is assigned the reference code for the corresponding block contained in the library. If that block does not exist in the library, it is added to the library of blocks, and assigned a unique reference code. Incoming streams of data are thus converted from the original, full-sized data to a string of codes as small as one hundredth of the original size, dramatically reducing the physical storage space needed to store the data.

According to another preferred embodiment, the transfer and synchronization of data would be the primary consideration. Either partial or complete copies of the library of chunklets would be stored on two different servers remote from each other, and would be synchronized such that the library is identical on both servers. Since incoming data is processed into the block library and stored in reference code form, transferring data from one server to another consists of simply sending a string of reference codes from one server for the data to be reconstructed from the library on the receiving server. The amount of data to be transmitted or synchronized between servers is dramatically reduced, requiring as little as one hundredth the bandwidth of transferring the original, full-sized data.

According to another preferred embodiment, a standardized version of the chunklet library and associated algorithms would be encoded as firmware on a dedicated processing chip included on the motherboards of a broad range of devices such as computers, servers, hard drives, smartphones, and tablets. Any device containing this technology would be able to store and transmit data to any other device containing this technology with tremendous storage and bandwidth savings without burdening the primary processors on the device.

According to an aspect of at least one embodiment, the method described herein would constitute a method of data encryption, which would either obviate the need for encryption algorithms and their associated overhead, or provide an additional layer of encryption on top of other encryption algorithms. The conversion of chunklets into reference codes is inherently a form of encryption. Without the library of corresponding chunklets, it would be impossible to restore the data in its original form, as the data stored in reference code form does not contain any part of the original data.

According to an aspect of an embodiment, the size of the library could be reduced where chunklets differ from each other only by a certain number of bits. In such cases, instead of storing a new chunklet that is very similar to one already existing in the library, the new chunklet could be represented as a reference code to the existing chunklet, plus information about which bits in the new block differ from the existing block.

According to another aspect of an embodiment, the storage, synchronization, and transfer of data would be continually optimized by artificial intelligence algorithms based on the ratio of the size of blocks to reference codes, the efficiency of storing full chunklets in the library versus storing reference codes to existing blocks plus changes, the type and repetitiveness of incoming data, and similar measures.

According to another aspect of an embodiment, Input/Output (I/O) to storage, as well as the used space to store data locally on a system would be dramatically reduced by only storing the library of chunklets along with the reference codes and the meta data about the files (name, date of creation, size, access rights etc.). Therefore, much smaller I/O traffic to the storage would be utilized, which as an added benefit, would make the rate of the I/O transfer faster, such that whenever the data is needed, the reference chunklets from the library along with the reference codes will be transferred from the storage to the memory (RAM). The data will be reconstructed using the processing power of the local computer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES

The accompanying drawings illustrate several aspects and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention according to the aspects. It will be appreciated by one skilled in the art that the particular arrangements illustrated in the drawings are merely exemplary, and are not to be considered as limiting of the scope of the invention or the claims herein in any way.

FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an embodiment of the system in which all components of the system are operated locally.

FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an embodiment of one aspect of the system, the data deconstruction engine.

FIG. 3 is a diagram showing an embodiment of one aspect of the system, the data reconstruction engine.

FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an embodiment of one aspect of the system, the library management module.

FIG. 5 is a diagram showing another embodiment of the system in which data is transferred between remote locations.

FIG. 6 is a diagram showing an embodiment in which a standardized version of the chunklet library and associated algorithms would be encoded as firmware on a dedicated processing chip included as part of the hardware of a plurality of devices.

FIG. 7 is a diagram showing an example of how data might be converted into reference codes using an aspect of an embodiment.

FIG. 8 is a method diagram showing the steps involved in using an embodiment to store data.

FIG. 9 is a method diagram showing the steps involved in using an embodiment to retrieve data.

FIG. 10 is a method diagram showing the steps involved in using an embodiment to encode data.

FIG. 11 is a method diagram showing the steps involved in using an embodiment to decode data.

FIG. 12 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary hardware architecture of a computing device.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary logical architecture for a client device.

FIG. 14 is a block diagram showing an exemplary architectural arrangement of clients, servers, and external services.

FIG. 15 is another block diagram illustrating an exemplary hardware architecture of a computing device.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The inventor has conceived, and reduced to practice, various systems and methods for storage, synchronization, transfer, and protection of data in digital form using a library of data chunklets and reference codes to those chunklets.

One or more different aspects may be described in the present application. Further, for one or more of the aspects described herein, numerous alternative arrangements may be described; it should be appreciated that these are presented for illustrative purposes only and are not limiting of the aspects contained herein or the claims presented herein in any way. One or more of the arrangements may be widely applicable to numerous aspects, as may be readily apparent from the disclosure. In general, arrangements are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice one or more of the aspects, and it should be appreciated that other arrangements may be utilized and that structural, logical, software, electrical and other changes may be made without departing from the scope of the particular aspects. Particular features of one or more of the aspects described herein may be described with reference to one or more particular aspects or figures that form a part of the present disclosure, and in which are shown, by way of illustration, specific arrangements of one or more of the aspects. It should be appreciated, however, that such features are not limited to usage in the one or more particular aspects or figures with reference to which they are described. The present disclosure is neither a literal description of all arrangements of one or more of the aspects nor a listing of features of one or more of the aspects that must be present in all arrangements.

Headings of sections provided in this patent application and the title of this patent application are for convenience only, and are not to be taken as limiting the disclosure in any way.

Devices that are in communication with each other need not be in continuous communication with each other, unless expressly specified otherwise. In addition, devices that are in communication with each other may communicate directly or indirectly through one or more communication means or intermediaries, logical or physical.

A description of an aspect with several components in communication with each other does not imply that all such components are required. To the contrary, a variety of optional components may be described to illustrate a wide variety of possible aspects and in order to more fully illustrate one or more aspects. Similarly, although process steps, method steps, algorithms or the like may be described in a sequential order, such processes, methods and algorithms may generally be configured to work in alternate orders, unless specifically stated to the contrary. In other words, any sequence or order of steps that may be described in this patent application does not, in and of itself, indicate a requirement that the steps be performed in that order. The steps of described processes may be performed in any order practical. Further, some steps may be performed simultaneously despite being described or implied as occurring non-simultaneously (e.g., because one step is described after the other step). Moreover, the illustration of a process by its depiction in a drawing does not imply that the illustrated process is exclusive of other variations and modifications thereto, does not imply that the illustrated process or any of its steps are necessary to one or more of the aspects, and does not imply that the illustrated process is preferred. Also, steps are generally described once per aspect, but this does not mean they must occur once, or that they may only occur once each time a process, method, or algorithm is carried out or executed. Some steps may be omitted in some aspects or some occurrences, or some steps may be executed more than once in a given aspect or occurrence.

When a single device or article is described herein, it will be readily apparent that more than one device or article may be used in place of a single device or article. Similarly, where more than one device or article is described herein, it will be readily apparent that a single device or article may be used in place of the more than one device or article.

The functionality or the features of a device may be alternatively embodied by one or more other devices that are not explicitly described as having such functionality or features. Thus, other aspects need not include the device itself.

Techniques and mechanisms described or referenced herein will sometimes be described in singular form for clarity. However, it should be appreciated that particular aspects may include multiple iterations of a technique or multiple instantiations of a mechanism unless noted otherwise. Process descriptions or blocks in figures should be understood as representing modules, segments, or portions of code which include one or more executable instructions for implementing specific logical functions or steps in the process. Alternate implementations are included within the scope of various aspects in which, for example, functions may be executed out of order from that shown or discussed, including substantially concurrently or in reverse order, depending on the functionality involved, as would be understood by those having ordinary skill in the art.

Definitions

The term “bit” refers to the smallest unit of information that can be stored or transmitted. It is in the form of a binary digit (either 0 or 1). In terms of hardware, the bit is represented as an electrical signal that is either off (representing 0) or on (representing 1).

The term “chunklet” refers to a series of bits of a specified length. The number of bits in a chunklet may be dynamically optimized by the system during operation. In one aspect, a chunklet may be of the same length as the block size used by a particular file system, typically 512 bytes or 4,096 bytes.

The term “byte” refers to a series of bits exactly eight bits in length.

The term “data” means information in any computer-readable form.

A “database” or “data storage subsystem” (these terms may be considered substantially synonymous), as used herein, is a system adapted for the long-term storage, indexing, and retrieval of data, the retrieval typically being via some sort of querying interface or language. “Database” may be used to refer to relational database management systems known in the art, but should not be considered to be limited to such systems. Many alternative database or data storage system technologies have been, and indeed are being, introduced in the art, including but not limited to distributed non-relational data storage systems such as Hadoop, column-oriented databases, in-memory databases, and the like. While various aspects may preferentially employ one or another of the various data storage subsystems available in the art (or available in the future), the invention should not be construed to be so limited, as any data storage architecture may be used according to the aspects. Similarly, while in some cases one or more particular data storage needs are described as being satisfied by separate components (for example, an expanded private capital markets database and a configuration database), these descriptions refer to functional uses of data storage systems and do not refer to their physical architecture. For instance, any group of data storage systems of databases referred to herein may be included together in a single database management system operating on a single machine, or they may be included in a single database management system operating on a cluster of machines as is known in the art. Similarly, any single database (such as an expanded private capital markets database) may be implemented on a single machine, on a set of machines using clustering technology, on several machines connected by one or more messaging systems known in the art, or in a master/slave arrangement common in the art. These examples should make clear that no particular architectural approaches to database management is preferred according to the invention, and choice of data storage technology is at the discretion of each implementer, without departing from the scope of the invention as claimed.

The term “effective compression” or “effective compression ratio” refers to the additional amount data that can be stored using the method herein described versus conventional data storage methods. Although the method herein described is not data compression, per se, expressing the additional capacity in terms of compression is a useful comparison.

The term “data set” refers to a grouping of data for a particular purpose. One example of a data set might be a word processing file containing text and formatting information.

The term “library” refers to a database containing chunklets each with a pattern of bits and reference code unique within that library.

The term “warplet” refers to the reference code form in which data is stored or transmitted in an aspect of the system. A warplet consists of the reference code to a chunklet in the library plus an indication of that chunklet's location in a particular data set.

Conceptual Architecture

FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an embodiment 100 of the system in which all components of the system are operated locally. As incoming data 101 is received by data deconstruction engine 102. Data deconstruction engine 102 breaks the incoming data into chunklets, which are then sent to library manager 103. Using the information contained in chunklet library lookup table 104 and chunklet library storage 105, library manager 103 returns reference codes to data deconstruction engine 102 for processing into warplets, which are stored in warplet storage 106. When a data retrieval request 107 is received, data reconstruction engine 108 obtains the warplets associated with the data from warplet storage 106, and sends them to library manager 103. Library manager 103 returns the appropriate chunklets to data reconstruction engine 108, which assembles them into the proper order and sends out the data in its original form 109.

FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an embodiment of one aspect 200 of the system, specifically data deconstruction engine 201. Incoming data 202 is received by data analyzer 203, which optimally analyzes the data based on machine learning algorithms and input 204 from a chunklet size optimizer, which is disclosed below. Data analyzer may optionally have access to a chunklet cache 205 of recently-processed chunklets, which can increase the speed of the system by avoiding processing in library manager 103. Based on information from data analyzer 203, the data is broken into chunklets by chunklet creator 206, which sends chunklets 207 to library manager 203 for additional processing. Data deconstruction engine 201 receives reference codes 208 from library manager 103, corresponding to the chunklets in the library that match the chunklets sent by chunklet creator 206, and warplet creator 209 processes the reference codes into warplets comprising a reference code to a chunklet and a location of that chunklet within the data set. The original data may be discarded, and the warplets representing the data are sent out to storage 210.

FIG. 3 is a diagram showing an embodiment of another aspect of system 300, specifically data reconstruction engine 301. When a data retrieval request 302 is received by data request receiver 303 (in the form of a plurality of warplets corresponding to a desired final data set), it passes the information to data retriever 304, which obtains the requested data 305 from storage. Data retriever 304 sends, for each warplet received, a reference codes from the warplet 306 to library manager 103 for retrieval of the specific chunklet associated with the reference code. Data assembler 308 receives the chunklet 307 from library manager 103 and, after receiving a plurality of chunklets corresponding to a plurality of warplets, assembles them into the proper order based on the location information contained in each warplet (recall each warplet comprises a chunklet reference code and a location identifier that specifies where in the resulting data set the specific chunklet should be restored to. The requested data is then sent to user 309 in its original form.

FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an embodiment of another aspect of the system 400, specifically library manager 401. One function of library manager 401 is to generate reference codes from chunklets received from data deconstruction engine 301. As chunklets are received 402 from data deconstruction engine 301, chunklet lookup engine 403 checks chunklet library lookup table 404 to determine whether those chunklets already exist in chunklet library storage 105. If a particular chunklet exists in chunklet library storage 105, reference code return engine 405 sends the appropriate reference code 406 to data deconstruction engine 301. If the chunklet does not exist in chunklet library storage 105, optimized reference code generator 407 generates a new, optimized reference code based on machine learning algorithms. Optimized reference code generator 407 then saves the reference code 408 to chunklet library lookup table 104; saves the associated chunklet 409 to chunklet library storage 105; and passes the reference code to reference code return engine 405 for sending 406 to data deconstruction engine 301. Another function of library manager 401 is to optimize the size of chunklets in the system. Based on information 411 contained in chunklet library lookup table 104, chunklet size optimizer 410 dynamically adjusts the size of chunklets in the system based on machine learning algorithms and outputs that information 412 to data analyzer 203. Another function of library manager 401 is to return chunklets associated with reference codes received from data reconstruction engine 301. As reference codes are received 414 from data reconstruction engine 301, reference code lookup engine 413 checks chunklet library lookup table 415 to identify the associated chunklets; passes that information to chunklet retriever 416, which obtains the chunklets 417 from chunklet library storage 105; and passes them 418 to data reconstruction engine 301.

FIG. 5 is a diagram showing another embodiment of system 500, in which data is transferred between remote locations. As incoming data 501 is received by data deconstruction engine 502 at Location 1, data deconstruction engine 301 breaks the incoming data into chunklets, which are then sent to library manager 503 at Location 1. Using the information contained in chunklet library lookup table 504 at Location 1 and chunklet library storage 505 at Location 1, library manager 503 returns reference codes to data deconstruction engine 301 for processing into warplets, which are transmitted 506 to data reconstruction engine 507 at Location 2. In the case where the reference codes contained in a particular warplet have been newly generated by library manager 503 at Location 1, the warplet is transmitted along with a copy of the associated chunklet. As data reconstruction engine 507 at Location 2 receives the warplets, it passes them to library manager module 508 at Location 2, which looks up the chunklet in chunklet library lookup table 509 at Location 2, and retrieves the associated from chunklet library storage 510. Where a chunklet has been transmitted along with a warplet, the chunklet is stored in chunklet library storage 510 and chunklet library lookup table 504 is updated. Library manager 503 returns the appropriate chunklets to data reconstruction engine 507, which assembles them into the proper order and sends the data in its original form 511.

FIG. 6 is a diagram showing an embodiment 600 in which a standardized version of a chunklet library 603 and associated algorithms 604 would be encoded as firmware 602 on a dedicated processing chip 601 included as part of the hardware of a plurality of devices 600. Contained on dedicated chip 601 would be a firmware area 602, on which would be stored a copy of a standardized chunklet library 603 and deconstruction/reconstruction algorithms 604 for processing the data. Processor 605 would have both inputs 606 and outputs 607 to other hardware on the device 600. Processor 605 would store incoming data for processing on on-chip memory 608, process the data using standardized chunklet library 603 and deconstruction/reconstruction algorithms 604, and send the processed data to other hardware on device 600. Using this embodiment, the encoding and decoding of data would be handled by dedicated chip 601, keeping the burden of data processing off device's 600 primary processors. Any device equipped with this embodiment would be able to store and transmit data in a highly optimized, bandwidth-efficient format with any other device equipped with this embodiment.

Description of Method Aspects

Since the library consists of re-usable building chunklets, and the actual data is represented by reference codes to the library, the total storage space of a single set of data would be much smaller than conventional methods, wherein the data is stored in its entirety. The more data sets that are stored, the larger the library becomes, and the more data can be stored in reference code form.

As an analogy, imagine each data set as a collection of printed books that are only occasionally accessed. The amount of physical shelf space required to store many collections would be quite large, and is analogous to conventional methods of storing every single bit of data in every data set. Consider, however, storing all common elements within and across books in a single library, and storing the books as references codes to those common elements in that library. As a single book is added to the library, it will contain many repetitions of words and phrases. Instead of storing the whole words and phrases, they are added to a library, and given a reference code, and stored as reference codes. At this scale, some space savings may be achieved, but the reference codes will be on the order of the same size as the words themselves. As more books are added to the library, larger phrases, quotations, and other words patterns will become common among the books. The larger the word patterns, the smaller the reference codes will be in relation to them as not all possible word patterns will be used. As entire collections of books are added to the library, sentences, paragraphs, pages, or even whole books will become repetitive. There may be many duplicates of books within a collection and across multiple collections, many references and quotations from one book to another, and much common phraseology within books on particular subjects. If each unique page of a book is stored only once in a common library and given a reference code, then a book of 1,000 pages or more could be stored on a few printed pages as a string of codes referencing the proper full-sized pages in the common library. The physical space taken up by the books would be dramatically reduced. The more collections that are added, the greater the likelihood that phrases, paragraphs, pages, or entire books will already be in the library, and the more information in each collection of books can be stored in reference form. Accessing entire collections of books is then limited not by physical shelf space, but by the ability to reprint and recycle the books as needed for use.

The projected increase in storage capacity using the method herein described is primarily dependent on two factors: 1) the ratio of the number of bits in a block to the number of bits in the reference code, and 2) the amount of repetition in data being stored by the system.

With respect to the first factor, the number of bits used in the reference codes to the chunklets must be smaller than the number of bits in the chunklets themselves in order for any additional data storage capacity to be obtained. As a simple example, 16-bit chunklets would require 2¹⁶, or 65536, unique reference codes to represent all possible patterns of bits. If all possible 65536 blocks patterns are utilized, then the reference code itself would also need to contain sixteen bits in order to refer to all possible 65,536 blocks patterns. In such case, there would be no storage savings. However, if only 16 of those block patterns are utilized, the reference code can be reduced to 4 bits in size, representing an effective compression of 4 times (16 bits/4 bits=4) versus conventional storage. Using a typical block size of 512 bytes, or 4,096 bits, the number of possible block patterns is 2^(4,096), which for all practical purposes is unlimited. A typical hard drive contains one terabyte (TB) of physical storage capacity, which represents 1,953,125,000, or roughly 2³¹, 512 byte blocks. Assuming that 1 TB of unique 512-byte chunklets were contained in the library, and that the reference code would thus need to be 31 bits long, the effective compression ratio for stored data would be on the order of 132 times (4,096/31≈132) that of conventional storage.

With respect to the second factor, in most cases it could be assumed that there would be sufficient repetition within a data set such that, when the data set is broken down into chunklets, its size within the library would be smaller than the original data. However, it is conceivable that the initial copy of a data set could require somewhat more storage space than the data stored in a conventional manner, if all or nearly all chunklets in that set were unique. For example, assuming that the reference codes are 1/10^(th) the size of a full-sized copy, the first copy stored as chunklets in the library would need to be 1.1 megabytes (MB), (1 MB for the complete set of full-sized chunklets in the library and 0.1 MB for the reference codes). However, since the chunklets stored in the library are universal, the more duplicate copies of something you save, the greater efficiency versus conventional storage methods. Conventionally, storing 10 copies of the same data requires 10 times the storage space of a single copy. For example, ten copies of a 1 MB file would take up 10 MB of storage space. However, using the method described herein, only a single full-sized copy is stored, and subsequent copies are stored as reference codes. Each additional copy takes up only a fraction of the space of the full-sized copy. For example, again assuming that the reference codes are 1/10^(th) the size of the full-size copy, ten copies of a 1 MB file would take up only 2 MB of space (1 MB for the full-sized copy, and 0.1 MB each for ten sets of reference codes). The larger the library, the more likely that part or all of incoming data will duplicate chunklets already existing in the library.

The size of the library could be reduced in a manner similar to storage of data. Where chunklets differ from each other only by a certain number of bits, instead of storing a new chunklet that is very similar to one already existing in the library, the new chunklet could be represented as a reference code to the existing chunklet, plus information about which bits in the new block differ from the existing block. For example, in the case where 512 byte chunklets are being used, if the system receives a new chunklet that differs by only one bit from a chunklet already existing in the library, instead of storing a new 512 byte chunklet, the new chunklet could be stored as a reference code to the existing chunklet, plus a reference to the bit that differs. Storing the new chunklet as a reference code plus changes would require only a few bytes of physical storage space versus the 512 bytes that a full chunklet would require. The algorithm could be optimized to store new chunklets in this reference code plus changes form unless the changes portion is large enough that it is more efficient to store a new, full chunklet.

It will be understood by one skilled in the art that transfer and synchronization of data would be increased to the same extent as for storage. By transferring or synchronizing reference codes instead of full-sized data, the bandwidth requirements for both types of operations are dramatically reduced.

In addition, the method described herein is inherently a form of encryption. When the data is converted from its full form to reference codes, none of the original data is contained in the reference codes. Without access to the library of chunklets, it would be impossible to re-construct any portion of the data from the reference codes. This inherent property of the method described herein could obviate the need for traditional encryption algorithms, thereby offsetting most or all of the computational cost of conversion of data back and forth to reference codes. In theory, the method described herein should not utilize any additional computing power beyond traditional storage using encryption algorithms. Alternatively, the method described herein could be in addition to other encryption algorithms to increase data security even further.

In other embodiments, additional security features could be added, such as: creating a proprietary library of chunklets for proprietary networks, physical separation of the reference codes from the library of chunklets, storage of the library of chunklets on a removable device to enable easy physical separation of the library and reference codes from any network, and incorporation of proprietary sequences of how chunklets are read and the data reassembled.

FIG. 7 is a diagram showing an example of how data might be converted into reference codes using an aspect of an embodiment 700. As data is received 701, it is read by the processor in chunklets of a size dynamically determined by the previously disclosed chunklet size optimizer 410. In this example, each chunklet is 16 bits in length, and the library 702 initially contains three chunklets with reference codes 00, 01, and 10. The entry for reference code 11 is initially empty. As each 16 bit chunklet is received, it is compared with the library. If that chunklet is already contained in the library, it is assigned the corresponding reference code. So, for example, as the first line of data (0000 0011 0000 0000) is received, it is assigned the reference code (01) associated with that chunklet in the library. If that chunklet is not already contained in the library, as is the case with the third line of data (0000 1111 0000 0000) received in the example, that chunklet is added to the library and assigned a reference code, in this case 11. The data is thus converted 703 to a series of reference codes to chunklets in the library. The data is stored as a collection of warplets, each of which contains the reference code to a chunklet and information about the location of the chunklets in the data set. Reconstructing the data is performed by reversing the process. Each stored reference code in a data collection is compared with the reference codes in the library, the corresponding chunklet is read from the library, and the data is reconstructed into its original form.

FIG. 8 is a method diagram showing the steps involved in using an embodiment 800 to store data. As data is received 801, it would be deconstructed into chunklets 802, and passed 803 to the library management module for processing. Reference codes would be received back 804 from the library management module, and could be combined with location information to create warplets 805, which would then be stored 806 as representations of the original data.

FIG. 9 is a method diagram showing the steps involved in using an embodiment 900 to retrieve data. When a request for data is received 901, the associated warplets would be retrieved 902 from the library. The warplets would be passed 903 to the library management module, and the associated chunklets would be received back 904. Upon receipt, the chunklets would be assembled 905 into the original data using the location data contained in the warplets, and the reconstructed data would be sent out 906 to the requestor.

FIG. 10 is a method diagram showing the steps involved in using an embodiment 1000 to encode data. As chunklets are received 1001 from the deconstruction engine, they would be compared 1002 with the chunklets already contained in the library. If that chunklet already exists in the library, the associated reference code would be returned 1005 to the deconstruction engine. If the chunklet does not already exist in the library, a new reference code would be created 1003 for the chunklet. The new reference code and its associated chunklet would be stored 1004 in the library, and the reference code would be returned to the deconstruction engine.

FIG. 11 is a method diagram showing the steps involved in using an embodiment 1100 to decode data. As reference codes are received 1101 from the reconstruction engine, the associated chunklets are retrieved 1102 from the library, and returned 1103 to the reconstruction engine.

It will be recognized by a person skilled in the art that the method described herein can be applied to data in any form. For example, the method described herein could be used to store genetic data, which has four data units: C, G, A, and T. Those four data units can be represented as 2 bit sequences: 00, 01, 10, and 11, which can be processed and stored using the method described herein.

It will be recognized by a person skilled in the art that certain embodiments of the method described herein may have uses other than data storage. For example, because the data is stored in reference code form, it cannot be reconstructed without the availability of the library of chunklets. This is effectively a form of encryption, which could be used for cyber security purposes. As another example, an embodiment of the method described herein could be used to store backup copies of data, provide for redundancy in the event of server failure, or provide additional security against cyber attacks by distributing multiple partial copies of the library among computers are various locations, ensuring that at least two copies of each chunklet exist in different locations within the network.

Hardware Architecture

Generally, the techniques disclosed herein may be implemented on hardware or a combination of software and hardware. For example, they may be implemented in an operating system kernel, in a separate user process, in a library package bound into network applications, on a specially constructed machine, on an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or on a network interface card.

Software/hardware hybrid implementations of at least some of the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented on a programmable network-resident machine (which should be understood to include intermittently connected network-aware machines) selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in memory. Such network devices may have multiple network interfaces that may be configured or designed to utilize different types of network communication protocols. A general architecture for some of these machines may be described herein in order to illustrate one or more exemplary means by which a given unit of functionality may be implemented. According to specific aspects, at least some of the features or functionalities of the various aspects disclosed herein may be implemented on one or more general-purpose computers associated with one or more networks, such as for example an end-user computer system, a client computer, a network server or other server system, a mobile computing device (e.g., tablet computing device, mobile phone, smartphone, laptop, or other appropriate computing device), a consumer electronic device, a music player, or any other suitable electronic device, router, switch, or other suitable device, or any combination thereof. In at least some aspects, at least some of the features or functionalities of the various aspects disclosed herein may be implemented in one or more virtualized computing environments (e.g., network computing clouds, virtual machines hosted on one or more physical computing machines, or other appropriate virtual environments).

Referring now to FIG. 12, there is shown a block diagram depicting an exemplary computing device 10 suitable for implementing at least a portion of the features or functionalities disclosed herein. Computing device 10 may be, for example, any one of the computing machines listed in the previous paragraph, or indeed any other electronic device capable of executing software- or hardware-based instructions according to one or more programs stored in memory. Computing device 10 may be configured to communicate with a plurality of other computing devices, such as clients or servers, over communications networks such as a wide area network a metropolitan area network, a local area network, a wireless network, the Internet, or any other network, using known protocols for such communication, whether wireless or wired.

In one aspect, computing device 10 includes one or more central processing units (CPU) 12, one or more interfaces 15, and one or more busses 14 (such as a peripheral component interconnect (PCI) bus). When acting under the control of appropriate software or firmware, CPU 12 may be responsible for implementing specific functions associated with the functions of a specifically configured computing device or machine. For example, in at least one aspect, a computing device 10 may be configured or designed to function as a server system utilizing CPU 12, local memory 11 and/or remote memory 16, and interface(s) 15. In at least one aspect, CPU 12 may be caused to perform one or more of the different types of functions and/or operations under the control of software modules or components, which for example, may include an operating system and any appropriate applications software, drivers, and the like.

CPU 12 may include one or more processors 13 such as, for example, a processor from one of the Intel, ARM, Qualcomm, and AMD families of microprocessors. In some aspects, processors 13 may include specially designed hardware such as application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), electrically erasable programmable read-only memories (EEPROMs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and so forth, for controlling operations of computing device 10. In a particular aspect, a local memory 11 (such as non-volatile random access memory (RAM) and/or read-only memory (ROM), including for example one or more levels of cached memory) may also form part of CPU 12. However, there are many different ways in which memory may be coupled to system 10. Memory 11 may be used for a variety of purposes such as, for example, caching and/or storing data, programming instructions, and the like. It should be further appreciated that CPU 12 may be one of a variety of system-on-a-chip (SOC) type hardware that may include additional hardware such as memory or graphics processing chips, such as a QUALCOMM SNAPDRAGON™ or SAMSUNG EXYNOS™ CPU as are becoming increasingly common in the art, such as for use in mobile devices or integrated devices.

As used herein, the term “processor” is not limited merely to those integrated circuits referred to in the art as a processor, a mobile processor, or a microprocessor, but broadly refers to a microcontroller, a microcomputer, a programmable logic controller, an application-specific integrated circuit, and any other programmable circuit.

In one aspect, interfaces 15 are provided as network interface cards (NICs). Generally, NICs control the sending and receiving of data packets over a computer network; other types of interfaces 15 may for example support other peripherals used with computing device 10. Among the interfaces that may be provided are Ethernet interfaces, frame relay interfaces, cable interfaces, DSL interfaces, token ring interfaces, graphics interfaces, and the like. In addition, various types of interfaces may be provided such as, for example, universal serial bus (USB), Serial, Ethernet, FIREWIRE™, THUNDERBOLT™, PCI, parallel, radio frequency (RF), BLUETOOTH™, near-field communications (e.g., using near-field magnetics), 802.11 (Wi-Fi), frame relay, TCP/IP, ISDN, fast Ethernet interfaces, Gigabit Ethernet interfaces, Serial ATA (SATA) or external SATA (ESATA) interfaces, high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI), digital visual interface (DVI), analog or digital audio interfaces, asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) interfaces, high-speed serial interface (HSSI) interfaces, Point of Sale (POS) interfaces, fiber data distributed interfaces (FDDIs), and the like. Generally, such interfaces 15 may include physical ports appropriate for communication with appropriate media. In some cases, they may also include an independent processor (such as a dedicated audio or video processor, as is common in the art for high-fidelity A/V hardware interfaces) and, in some instances, volatile and/or non-volatile memory (e.g., RAM).

Although the system shown in FIG. 12 illustrates one specific architecture for a computing device 10 for implementing one or more of the aspects described herein, it is by no means the only device architecture on which at least a portion of the features and techniques described herein may be implemented. For example, architectures having one or any number of processors 13 may be used, and such processors 13 may be present in a single device or distributed among any number of devices. In one aspect, a single processor 13 handles communications as well as routing computations, while in other aspects a separate dedicated communications processor may be provided. In various aspects, different types of features or functionalities may be implemented in a system according to the aspect that includes a client device (such as a tablet device or smartphone running client software) and server systems (such as a server system described in more detail below).

Regardless of network device configuration, the system of an aspect may employ one or more memories or memory modules (such as, for example, remote memory block 16 and local memory 11) configured to store data, program instructions for the general-purpose network operations, or other information relating to the functionality of the aspects described herein (or any combinations of the above). Program instructions may control execution of or comprise an operating system and/or one or more applications, for example. Memory 16 or memories 11, 16 may also be configured to store data structures, configuration data, encryption data, historical system operations information, or any other specific or generic non-program information described herein.

Because such information and program instructions may be employed to implement one or more systems or methods described herein, at least some network device aspects may include nontransitory machine-readable storage media, which, for example, may be configured or designed to store program instructions, state information, and the like for performing various operations described herein. Examples of such nontransitory machine readable storage media include, but are not limited to, magnetic media such as hard disks, floppy disks, and magnetic tape; optical media such as CD-ROM disks; magneto-optical media such as optical disks, and hardware devices that are specially configured to store and perform program instructions, such as read-only memory devices (ROM), flash memory (as is common in mobile devices and integrated systems), solid state drives (SSD) and “hybrid SSD” storage drives that may combine physical components of solid state and hard disk drives in a single hardware device (as are becoming increasingly common in the art with regard to personal computers), memristor memory, random access memory (RAM), and the like. It should be appreciated that such storage means may be integral and non-removable (such as RAM hardware modules that may be soldered onto a motherboard or otherwise integrated into an electronic device), or they may be removable such as swappable flash memory modules (such as “thumb drives” or other removable media designed for rapidly exchanging physical storage devices), “hot-swappable” hard disk drives or solid state drives, removable optical storage discs, or other such removable media, and that such integral and removable storage media may be utilized interchangeably. Examples of program instructions include both object code, such as may be produced by a compiler, machine code, such as may be produced by an assembler or a linker, byte code, such as may be generated by for example a JAVA™ compiler and may be executed using a Java virtual machine or equivalent, or files containing higher level code that may be executed by the computer using an interpreter (for example, scripts written in Python, Perl, Ruby, Groovy, or any other scripting language).

In some aspects, systems may be implemented on a standalone computing system. Referring now to FIG. 13, there is shown a block diagram depicting a typical exemplary architecture of one or more aspects or components thereof on a standalone computing system. Computing device 20 includes processors 21 that may run software that carry out one or more functions or applications of aspects, such as for example a client application 24. Processors 21 may carry out computing instructions under control of an operating system 22 such as, for example, a version of MICROSOFT WINDOWS™ operating system, APPLE macOS™ or iOS™ operating systems, some variety of the Linux operating system, ANDROID™ operating system, or the like. In many cases, one or more shared services 23 may be operable in system 20, and may be useful for providing common services to client applications 24. Services 23 may for example be WINDOWS™ services, user-space common services in a Linux environment, or any other type of common service architecture used with operating system 21. Input devices 28 may be of any type suitable for receiving user input, including for example a keyboard, touchscreen, microphone (for example, for voice input), mouse, touchpad, trackball, or any combination thereof. Output devices 27 may be of any type suitable for providing output to one or more users, whether remote or local to system 20, and may include for example one or more screens for visual output, speakers, printers, or any combination thereof. Memory 25 may be random-access memory having any structure and architecture known in the art, for use by processors 21, for example to run software. Storage devices 26 may be any magnetic, optical, mechanical, memristor, or electrical storage device for storage of data in digital form (such as those described above, referring to FIG. 12). Examples of storage devices 26 include flash memory, magnetic hard drive, CD-ROM, and/or the like.

In some aspects, systems may be implemented on a distributed computing network, such as one having any number of clients and/or servers. Referring now to FIG. 14, there is shown a block diagram depicting an exemplary architecture 30 for implementing at least a portion of a system according to one aspect on a distributed computing network. According to the aspect, any number of clients 33 may be provided. Each client 33 may run software for implementing client-side portions of a system; clients may comprise a system 20 such as that illustrated in FIG. 13. In addition, any number of servers 32 may be provided for handling requests received from one or more clients 33. Clients 33 and servers 32 may communicate with one another via one or more electronic networks 31, which may be in various aspects any of the Internet, a wide area network, a mobile telephony network (such as CDMA or GSM cellular networks), a wireless network (such as Wi-Fi, WiMAX, LTE, and so forth), or a local area network (or indeed any network topology known in the art; the aspect does not prefer any one network topology over any other). Networks 31 may be implemented using any known network protocols, including for example wired and/or wireless protocols.

In addition, in some aspects, servers 32 may call external services 37 when needed to obtain additional information, or to refer to additional data concerning a particular call. Communications with external services 37 may take place, for example, via one or more networks 31. In various aspects, external services 37 may comprise web-enabled services or functionality related to or installed on the hardware device itself. For example, in one aspect where client applications 24 are implemented on a smartphone or other electronic device, client applications 24 may obtain information stored in a server system 32 in the cloud or on an external service 37 deployed on one or more of a particular enterprise's or user's premises.

In some aspects, clients 33 or servers 32 (or both) may make use of one or more specialized services or appliances that may be deployed locally or remotely across one or more networks 31. For example, one or more databases 34 may be used or referred to by one or more aspects. It should be understood by one having ordinary skill in the art that databases 34 may be arranged in a wide variety of architectures and using a wide variety of data access and manipulation means. For example, in various aspects one or more databases 34 may comprise a relational database system using a structured query language (SQL), while others may comprise an alternative data storage technology such as those referred to in the art as “NoSQL” (for example, HADOOP CASSANDRA™, GOOGLE BIGTABLE™, and so forth). In some aspects, variant database architectures such as column-oriented databases, in-memory databases, clustered databases, distributed databases, or even flat file data repositories may be used according to the aspect. It will be appreciated by one having ordinary skill in the art that any combination of known or future database technologies may be used as appropriate, unless a specific database technology or a specific arrangement of components is specified for a particular aspect described herein. Moreover, it should be appreciated that the term “database” as used herein may refer to a physical database machine, a cluster of machines acting as a single database system, or a logical database within an overall database management system. Unless a specific meaning is specified for a given use of the term “database”, it should be construed to mean any of these senses of the word, all of which are understood as a plain meaning of the term “database” by those having ordinary skill in the art.

Similarly, some aspects may make use of one or more security systems 36 and configuration systems 35. Security and configuration management are common information technology (IT) and web functions, and some amount of each are generally associated with any IT or web systems. It should be understood by one having ordinary skill in the art that any configuration or security subsystems known in the art now or in the future may be used in conjunction with aspects without limitation, unless a specific security 36 or configuration system 35 or approach is specifically required by the description of any specific aspect.

FIG. 15 shows an exemplary overview of a computer system 40 as may be used in any of the various locations throughout the system. It is exemplary of any computer that may execute code to process data. Various modifications and changes may be made to computer system 40 without departing from the broader scope of the system and method disclosed herein. Central processor unit (CPU) 41 is connected to bus 42, to which bus is also connected memory 43, nonvolatile memory 44, display 47, input/output (I/O) unit 48, and network interface card (NIC) 53. I/O unit 48 may, typically, be connected to keyboard 49, pointing device 50, hard disk 52, and real-time clock 51. NIC 53 connects to network 54, which may be the Internet or a local network, which local network may or may not have connections to the Internet. Also shown as part of system 40 is power supply unit 45 connected, in this example, to a main alternating current (AC) supply 46. Not shown are batteries that could be present, and many other devices and modifications that are well known but are not applicable to the specific novel functions of the current system and method disclosed herein. It should be appreciated that some or all components illustrated may be combined, such as in various integrated applications, for example Qualcomm or Samsung system-on-a-chip (SOC) devices, or whenever it may be appropriate to combine multiple capabilities or functions into a single hardware device (for instance, in mobile devices such as smartphones, video game consoles, in-vehicle computer systems such as navigation or multimedia systems in automobiles, or other integrated hardware devices).

In various aspects, functionality for implementing systems or methods of various aspects may be distributed among any number of client and/or server components. For example, various software modules may be implemented for performing various functions in connection with the system of any particular aspect, and such modules may be variously implemented to run on server and/or client components.

The skilled person will be aware of a range of possible modifications of the various aspects described above. Accordingly, the present invention is defined by the claims and their equivalents. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for storing, retrieving, and transmitting data in a highly compact format, comprising: a reference code library comprising data chunklets and reference codes corresponding to the data chunklets; and a data deconstruction engine comprising at least a processor, a memory, and a plurality of programming instructions stored in the memory and operable on the processor, wherein the programming instructions, when operating on the processor, cause the processor to: receive data; deconstruct the data into a plurality of data chunklets; retrieve the reference code for each chunklet from the reference code library; where there is no reference code for a given chunklet, create a reference code, and store chunklet and its newly-created reference code in the reference code library; create a plurality of warplets representing the data, each warplet comprising a reference code to a chunklet in the library; and a data reconstruction engine comprising at least a processor, a memory, and a plurality of programming instructions stored in the memory and operable on the processor, wherein the programming instructions, when operating on the processor, cause the processor to: receive the plurality of warplets representing the data; retrieve the chunklet corresponding to the reference code in each warplet from the reference code library; assemble the chunklets to reconstruct the data.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein each warplet further comprises a location of the chunklet in the data such that the data and plurality of warplets representing the data need not be in sequential order.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the chunklets are stored in reduced form as references to existing blocks plus information indicating which bits differ from the existing block.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the size of chunklets in the library, the size of reference codes, the use of direct, indirect, or recursive reference codes, and other aspects are dynamically optimized by computer algorithms to maximize storage capacity and transmission throughput.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein a standardized version of the chunklet library and associated algorithms would be encoded as firmware on a dedicated processing chip included as part of the hardware of a plurality of devices.
 6. The system of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of external libraries each containing chunklets and located remotely from one another, and configured to synchronize chunklets and their associated reference codes among libraries via a network, wherein, as data are transmitted from one location to another, they are transmitted as within the network of libraries as warplets.
 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the warplet stream is used as a form of data encryption.
 8. The system of claim 6, wherein at least a portion of the chunklets are stored in reduced form as references to existing blocks plus information indicating which bits differ from the existing block.
 9. The system of claim 6, wherein the size of chunklets in the library, the size of reference codes, the use of direct, indirect, or recursive reference codes, and other aspects are dynamically optimized by computer algorithms to maximize data transfer and synchronization throughput.
 10. The system of claim 6, wherein a standardized version of the chunklet library and associated algorithms are encoded as firmware on a dedicated processing chip included as part of the hardware of a plurality of devices.
 11. A method for storing, retrieving, and transmitting data in a highly compact format, comprising the steps of: creating a reference code library comprising data chunklets and reference codes corresponding to the data chunklets; receiving data; deconstructing the data into a plurality of data chunklets; retrieving the reference code for each chunklet from the reference code library; where there is no reference code for a given chunklet, creating a reference code, and storing chunklet and its newly-created reference code in the reference code library; creating a plurality of warplets representing the data, each warplet comprising a reference code to a chunklet in the library; receiving the plurality of warplets representing the data; retrieving the chunklet corresponding to the reference code in each warplet from the reference code library; assembling the chunklets to reconstruct the data.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein each warplet further comprises a location of the chunklet in the data such that the data and plurality of warplets representing the data need not be in sequential order.
 13. The method of claim 11, wherein at least a portion of the chunklets are stored in reduced form as references to existing blocks plus information indicating which bits differ from the existing block.
 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the size of chunklets in the library, the size of reference codes, the use of direct, indirect, or recursive reference codes, and other aspects are dynamically optimized by computer algorithms to maximize storage capacity and transmission throughput.
 15. The method of claim 11, wherein a standardized version of the chunklet library and associated algorithms would be encoded as firmware on a dedicated processing chip included as part of the hardware of a plurality of devices.
 16. The method of claim 11, further comprising a plurality of external libraries each containing chunklets and located remotely from one another, and configured to synchronize chunklets and their associated reference codes among libraries via a network, wherein, as data are transmitted from one location to another, they are transmitted as within the network of libraries as warplets.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the warplet stream is used as a form of data encryption.
 18. The method of claim 16, wherein at least a portion of the chunklets are stored in reduced form as references to existing blocks plus information indicating which bits differ from the existing block.
 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the size of chunklets in the library, the size of reference codes, the use of direct, indirect, or recursive reference codes, and other aspects are dynamically optimized by computer algorithms to maximize data transfer and synchronization throughput.
 20. The method of claim 16, wherein a standardized version of the chunklet library and associated algorithms are encoded as firmware on a dedicated processing chip included as part of the hardware of a plurality of devices. 